Strategy as a Planned Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2149 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? A classical definition of strategy as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"plannedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ process is as follows: the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for those goals. (Chandler, 1962, p. 13) With reference to academic literature on the development of the field of strategy, illustrated with brief organisational examples, critically evaluate the extent to which this definition remains appropriate today. Strategy is a relatively new discipline of management, having emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, and therefore is much harder to define than other schools, with major figures each proposing their own take on strategy in business as an effective tool in successful short-term and long-term goals for an organisation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Strategy as a Planned Process" essay for you Create order The aim of this literature review is to summarise key developments in the field of strategy since its outset, and determine whether Chandlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quote is still relevant as a business strategist today. This article will loosely follow the structure of management laid out by Whittington (2001) in his four generic approaches model of strategy. At the turn of the 20th century, many large multidivisional businesses were emerging due to mass production and new mass markets in industrialising nations, what Chandler (1962) refers to as M-form organisations. These large organisations created a demand for a method of strategic planning that allowed an organisation to focus their aim on longer term prospects and goals for the company, attempting to assess the future possibilities for success. Chandler was one of the first influential contributors to the field of strategy, recognising that an organisation could potentially be more successful if driven by an overall set of goals to be achieved, with a long term perspective on company direction and focus (Chandler, 1962). Ansoff (1965) built upon this with his book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corporate Strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in 1965, creating a clear and coherent perspective on strategy, or what is now known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Classicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Plannedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ strategy. Based on the concept of forward planning with the goal of profit maximisation, strategy in this manner is calculated and rational with a strong hierarchical control from the top management of the organisational structure. (Chandler, 1962) (Ansoff I. , 1965). Segal-Horn (2004) likens this to notions of militaristic planning and leadership transferred to the workplace, with a company aiming to position themselves as unique and dominant. Much research was conducted into large corporations in the 1960s, for example General Motors, where a top-down formulaic approach to strategy was applied, where long term strategi es such as planned obsolescence, were implemented for the first time (Sloan, 1964) The Boeing Company is a good modern day example of an organisation that still utilises elements of this Classical strategy. Boeingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current market outlook is forecasted 20 years in advance due to the predictable sales of aircraft in emerging markets (Boeing Company, 2014). Strategic forecasts are re-evaluated once a year using statistical analysis and macroeconomics to determine future strategy. This focus on planning however does not effectively address the complexity of the strategic problem, as business environments are in no way static, and Ansoff and Hayes (1976) suggested that this is why there was a shift from the classical model to a more flexible structure of strategy where the company could adapt quicker to market changes and make products that were in demand instead of producing a product at a high efficiency and assuming it would be profitable years later. Segal-Hor n (2004) suggests that the popularity of using quantitative analysis techniques and long-term planning to base company strategies upon dwindled in the 1970s where competing companies were using similar or identical analytical techniques in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage over one another, whist competition internationally was increasing. A new style of strategy emerged which had a high focus on adapting to a current market in search of performance and profitability (Segal-Horn, 2004). Whittington (2001) in his four generic approaches to strategy establishes this model as the Evolutionary model, although it had earlier been categorised by Chaffee (1985) as the Adaptive model. The evolutionary model of strategy is similar to the classical model in that they share a mutual focus on profit maximisation. However, the evolutionary model proposes that the external market is a complex assortment of fashions, competitors and stake holders who must be adapted to by the company, which contrasts to the classical approach that the market is something much more rigid and long term (Chaffee, 1985) (Shirley, 1982). It acknowledges that the environment can be extremely dynamic, and that successful strategies are formed in adaption to an ever changing field (Segal-Horn, 2004). For example, if you look at the Ford Motor Company product line in the early 20th century, one product was produced at one cost to be sold at a low price with little variety, using techniques of product orientation and mass production. Contrast Ford then to modern day Ford, and you can easily see how their strategy has changed from a very rigid method to a flexible, consumer-oriented and customisable market driven experience, with new models and trims almost every year to adapt to rapidly changing tastes and markets. Rumelt (1979) suggests that evolutionary strategy can be thought of as similar to an organism, in that there are many different organs and limbs, each with a specific role, b ut that overall there is a coordinated system (or strategy) designed to function as a whole existing within a specific environment. Competition within the evolutionary model is described as a beneficial factor as opposed to the obstacle that it is viewed as in the classical model. Research conducted by Barnett and Hansen (1996) within several Illinois banks suggests that organisations faced with increased competition were more likely to succeed and therefore become larger competition for another firm to succeed over, which supports the notion that strategy in inherently competitive, and that organisations must deliver a unique set of values to gain a competitive advantage (Porter, 1996). In terms of the quote originally written in the title of this paper, the evolutionary model of strategy does not seem to fit quite right with Chandlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1962) original definition and view of strategy. On the one hand, the fundamental idea is almost identical, to give an organisa tion a strong unified direction and identity to advance towards success, capitalising on resources necessary to achieve this. On the other hand though is an inherent difference of methodology, where Chandler is defining a mostly internal practice of direction decision, originating from a vision of what the organisation want to produce and assuming product orientation and predictable futures, whereas evolutionary strategy looks for a niche in the current and near future market before the organisation itself. There is a third branch of strategy outlined by Whittington (2001) in his four generic approaches, Processual strategy, which has stemmed from the foundations of evolutionary strategy in that it is emergent and much more reactive to market changes than classical strategy. However, so far we have only evaluated and critiqued strategies that are targeted at profit maximisation, whereas Processual strategy is focused on a much more pluralistic set of goals. Processual strategy bases its goals on socio-economic and cultural systems in the environment, where the strategy of the organisation must align with local cultures and values as opposed to pure profit maximisation (Whittington, 2001). This applies particularly for individualistic cultures, such as Chinese, Indian and other Asian organisations that focus more on the benefit to the group and society instead of individualistic financial gain. Although much of strategy literature is based on profit maximisation, this is a very western individualistic perspective, and may not be applicable to as great a degree to a large number of organisations across the globe. Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars (1993) researched strategy and managerial styles across many countries in their book, and found that whilst 40% of executives in the USA stated that their organisation was profit focused, only 8% of executives in Japan stated the same (Hampden-Turner Trompenaars, 1993). Therefore models based on profit maximisati on, such as the classical approach outlined by Chandler (1962), fail to satisfy this need for alternative goals and are extensively limited in this aspect and may not be as relevant to organisations in these regions. The final piece of the four generic approaches is the Systemic approach to strategy (Whittington, 2001). This model is similar to Processual in that it is focused on pluralistic values instead of profit maximisation; however it follows deliberate, long-term strategies and presumptions on market situation similar to Classical strategy. Organisations such as charities may fall into this category, with no inherent need to rapidly adapt to markets whist developing a long term brand image and presence within the market to benefit pluralistic values within society. There is a very strong similarity between this approach and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Cultural Schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ approach suggested by Mintzburg and Lampel (1999), to the point where they are almost identical. There is much debate within the realm of strategy as to which, if any, of these strategies or others is capable of fulfilling the needs of the organisations that they aim to aid. The quote at the beginning of this article from Chandler is iconic of the much more traditional Classical approach to strategy, and as markets globally have become more volatile and international, strategy as a field has had to develop quite extensively from this original definition. Chaffee (1985) defends this original statement as still relevant in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s environment, affirming that although there are many differing views on strategy, the key concepts established by Chandler and Ansoff still remain at the heart of all strategic approaches, but admitting that beyond this point all agreement breaks down. Chaffee also creates a fantastic perspective on the overall view of strategy, imagining it as a canyon, where the four approaches, an artist, geologist, meteorologist and biologist all s ee different systems that create a whole (Chaffee, 1985). These differing fields of strategy can offer options which individually would not be possible. Although Chandlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quote may seem slightly outdated in a rapidly changing modern market, the core concept of setting goals for future benefit still exist in all fields of strategy, whether profit orientated or pluralistic. In a real setting, it may be the case that the most effective strategy is to combine pieces of each to fit the organisation and the environment around it. No one approach will work seamlessly for an organisation, as they all clearly have strengths and weaknesses against each other. Perhaps trying to position ones organisation somewhere in the centre of Whittingtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model (Whittington, 2001), a middle ground between profit maximisation and pluralism, and using both analytics short and long term, may be a good basic framework from which to specialise individual organisational s trategy. To conclude on whether the definition is appropriate today, it has become obvious that there is no single definition of strategy that stands over the others, with Chaffee (1985) stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"virtually everyone writing on strategy agrees that no consensus on its definition existsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (p. 89). However, if you needed to select a definition for strategy today, Chandlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quotation can still definitely apply to a modern organisational strategy just as well as any other. Works Cited Ansoff, I. (1965). Corporate Strategy: an analytic approach to business policy for growth and expansion. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ansoff, I., Hayes, R. (1976). From strategic planning to strategic management. New York: Wiley. Barnett, W., Hansen, M. (1996). The Red Queen in Organisational Evolution. Strategic Management Journal, 139-157. Boeing Company. (2014, April 9). Boeing Current Market Outlook 2013-2032. Retrieved from Boeing Company Website: https://www.boeing.com/boeing/commercial/cmo/ Chaffee, E. (1985). Three Models of Strategy. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 89-98. Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Hampden-Turner, C., Trompenaars, A. (1993). The seven cultures of capitalism: Value systems for creating wealth in the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Sweden, and the Netherlands. New York: Currency/Doubleday. Hofer, C. (1973). Some preliminary research on patterns of strategic behaviour. Academy of Management Proceedings, (pp. 46-59). Keeley, M. (1980). Organizational analogy: a comparison of organismic and social contract models. Administrative Science Quarterly, 337-362. Lorange, P. . (1976). How to design a stragic planning system. Harvard Business Review, 75-81. Mintzburg, H. (1987). Crafting Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 66-75. Mintzburg, H., Lampel, J. (1999). Reflecting on the Strategy Process. Sloan Management Review, 21-30. Pettigrew, A. (1977). Strategy formulation as a political process. International Studies of Management and Organisation, 78-87. Porter, M. (1996). What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review. Porter, M. (2001). Strategy and the internet. Harvard Business Review. Rumelt, R. (1979). Evaluation of strategy: theory and models. In C. H. D Schendel, Strategic Management: A new view of business policy and planning (pp. 196-212). Boston: Little, Brown. Segal -Horn, S. (2004). The modern roots of strategic management. European Business Journal, 133-142. Shirley, R. (1982). Limiting the scope of strategy: A decision based approach. Academy of Management Review, 262-268. Sloan, A. (1964). My Years with General Motors. New York: Doubleday. Van Cauwenbergh, A., Cool, K. (1982). Strategic Management in a new framework. Strategic Management Journal, 245-265. Whittington, R. (2001). What is Strategy and does it matter? London: Thomson Learning.

Is Witch Trails A Thing Of The Past - 923 Words

Being that the Salem Witch Trails date back to over three hundred years, many people believe witch trails are a thing of the past. However, modern day witch trails are still extremely prevalent. Modern-day witch-hunts are reported to still be happening in Africa, the Pacific, Latin America, even in the U.S. and Europe. According to a New York Times article, within the last fifteen years alone, more than 2,000 Indians have been killed after being accused of witchcraft. Almost all of the accused have been women, usually accused by a neighbor or due because of personal disputes about land rights or personal property. Not only are witch-hunts going on in India, but reports have also come in from Papa New Guinea. Starting in 2000, when a newspaper reported men were tortured with weapons, including iron rods, before being beaten and burned to death, there have been many accusations of people partaking in witchcraft. Not only are these accusations happening to woman, they are happening to m en, children, and the elderly. Causes for witch-hunts in Papa New Guinea are believed to have steamed from problems between men and the community, sparked because of the lack of educational and economic opportunities, also fueled by drug use. It is heavily debated that one of the reasons the Salem Witch Trials had such an impact on America is because modern day witch hunts have made what happened in Salem still relevant. One theory states that the witch scare was brought on by the ministers as aShow MoreRelatedNineteen One Deaths From The Salem Witch Trials847 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty-one deaths from The Salem Witch Trials (Callis) seems to be very minimal when compared to the 620,000 deaths that resulted from the Civil War, however, The Salem Witch Trials seem to stick out significantly in the minds of Americans. Why is this? 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Business Research and Ethics for Qualitative- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research and Ethics for Qualitative Research. Answer: Worldview linked with Quantitative Research As per the worldwide view, quantitative research can be regarded as a research that is specifically designed for the purpose of examining the objective theories by determining the relation between research variables. The quantitative research incorporates the use of objective measurement methods such as statistical, mathematical and numerical analysis through the use of techniques such as questionnaires and surveys. The objective measurement tools helps in collection of practical data for achieving a particular answer for the research problem in context. The quantitative research is specifically used by a researcher for providing practical evidence in support of the research area so that the research question can be addressed appropriately. It is mainly used to maintain objectivity of a research when the research field is objective in nature (Brannen, 2017). Worldview linked with Qualitative Research The qualitative research, as per the worldwide view, is mainly used for gaining an understanding of the underlying reasons and opinions about a specific issue or problem in context. The researchers adopt the use of qualitative study to maintain the subjectivity of a research in order to carry out an exhaustive analysis of the research field. The qualitative study provides an in-depth understanding if the main ideas or hypothesizes for carrying out a potential quantitative research. It incorporates the use of varying academic resources for developing an adequate understanding of the research area and thus developing a proper hypothesis to be tested under a potential quantitative study (Brannen, 2017). Business research question to be addressed in a Quantitative Study What is the relation between job satisfaction and salary among the residents of London? Business research question to be addressed in a Qualitative Study What is the impact of job satisfaction on the organizational commitment level of the employees in London? Questions Related to Bobek et al. (2017) Article: Questions Related to Bartlett et al (2016) Article: Type of Research Design Used The research study is qualitative in nature as it mainly aims to identify and examine the major impacts impacting the recruitment of non-accounting business professionals into internal auditing. As such, the present research integrates the use of descriptive research design for examining the relation between dependent and independent variables used in the study (Bartlett et al., 2016). Six Groups of 2*6 Plans The research study has conducted a 2*6 experiment that involves 502 participants from different parts of the country. The six groups of the experiment were business students from four different universities (Bartlett et al., 2016). Intervention Applied to One Group There were mainly two types of business students identified form the experiment, that are, higher academically performing and lower academically performing students. The intervention has been applied to lower academically performing students where an additional survey has been done on them. The main purpose of the survey was to examine the interest of students in internal audit job position by varying the salary structure (Bartlett et al., 2016). Purpose of Manipulation Test The main aim of the manipulation test carried out in the research study was to identifying the varying level of business students in the internal audit job position by manipulating the job roles and responsibilities (Bartlett et al., 2016). Definition of Control Variable The term control variable refers to a research variable that is held constant during the entire research process for the purpose of investigation in scientific experiments. The variable is unchanged during the overall process of research for evaluating the relation between dependent and independent variables (Bartlett et al., 2016). Control Variables Used in the Study The main control variable used in the present research study is gender of participants, their internship level and months of business experience (Bartlett et al., 2016). Advantages and disadvantages of using students in this study The research study integrates the use of business students as participants for evaluating the factors impacting the recruitment of non-accounting professionals in internal auditing. The major benefit of using business students as participants that researcher was able to determine the interest level of future non-accounting business professionals into the job position of internal auditing. However, the major disadvantage of the fact is that students could not determine the interest position of current business professionals working in different sectors about the internal audit job position (Bartlett et al., 2016). Content and Construct Validity Difference The term validity in a research study refers to the appropriateness of a measurement concept used in a study. The content validity as such, is about accurate measurement of a conclusion or a specific concept used in the research study. On the other hand, construct validity refers to assessing the appropriateness of constructs developed from the practical tests of a theoretical concept (Creswell and Clark, 2011). Purpose of a variable in a quantitative study The term variable in a research study denotes anything that has a specific quantity. It can be referred to as any environmental aspect that is being investigated for the purpose of evaluating its impact on the dependent variable. The variable measured in the study is known as dependent and is impacted by the independent variable (Creswell and Clark, 2011). Difference between a mediating and moderating variable The mediating variable in a study may be defined as the variable that is in between the independent and dependent variables and is used to determine their relationship. On the other hand, moderator variable is a variable that determines the strength of relation between dependent and independent variables in a study (Creswell and Clark, 2011). Q8. Reference Correction Book Given, L. 2016. 100 questions (and answers) about qualitative research. Sage. An article Daff, L. 2012. Lessons from successes in medical communication training and their applications to accounting education. Accounting Education: An International Journal 21, pp. 385-405. A chapter in a book Amernic, J., 2013. Perspectives on the Role of Metaphor, In: Jack, L., Davison, J., Craig, R. eds. Routledge Companion to Accounting Communication. Routledge: Abingdon, Oxon, pp. 94-108. An article on a web site Daff, L. 2017. Accountants and their Intra-Organisational Communication in the Not-For-Profit (NFP) Sector. [Online]. Available at: https://confidentcommunicators.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/executivesummary-of-doctorate.pdf [Accessed on 2nd October, 2017]. Bibliography Bartlett, G.D., Kremin, J, Saunders, K.K., and Wood, D.A. 2016. Factors influencing recruitment of non-accounting business professionals into internal auditing. Behavioral Research in Accounting 29 (1), pp. 119-30. Brannen, J. 2017. Mixing Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Routledge. Creswell, J. W. and Clark, V. 2011. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. SAGE.

It Has Been Said That Within the Next Few Years, Smartphones Will Become the Single Most Important Digital Device We Own. Discuss the Implications of This Statement Essay Example

It Has Been Said That Within the Next Few Years, Smartphones Will Become the Single Most Important Digital Device We Own. Discuss the Implications of This Statement Essay It has been said that within the next few years, smartphones will become the single most important digital device we own. Discuss the implications of this statement. A  smartphone  is a  mobile phone  that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary basic  feature phone A smartphone can be considered as a Personal Pocket Computer (PPC) with mobile phone functions, because these devices are mainly computers, although much smaller than a desktop computer. Smartphones and Twitter were the hottest products in Japan in 2010 and travel and leisure were back on the menu, an ad agency survey showed, as penny-pinching consumers rediscovered their fun side. Q2: What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless networking, communications and Internet access? Bluetooth Technology: * Bluetooth is a wireless networking standard that provides short-range (about 10 meters) connectivity to electrical devices such as cell phones, computers and their peripherals, notebooks, and PDA’s. Data is transmitted via small radio transmitter/receivers installed in each electronic device. * There are several benefits to using this technology. Firstly, it does away with all the wires, connectors, and attachments needed to connect your peripherals to your computer system- whether you are in the office or on the go. Next, Bluetooth technology is pretty inexpensive- which is perfect for a cash-strapped small business. This technology is also easy to use with little user input. We will write a custom essay sample on It Has Been Said That Within the Next Few Years, Smartphones Will Become the Single Most Important Digital Device We Own. Discuss the Implications of This Statement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on It Has Been Said That Within the Next Few Years, Smartphones Will Become the Single Most Important Digital Device We Own. Discuss the Implications of This Statement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on It Has Been Said That Within the Next Few Years, Smartphones Will Become the Single Most Important Digital Device We Own. Discuss the Implications of This Statement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, Bluetooth devices need very little power to operate and thus are particularly suitable for data transfers among low-powered handhelds where battery life is critical. Wi-Fi: * Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that can support a wireless Local Area Network and provides high-speed access to the Internet with data transmission rates approaching 54Mbps. The most popular Wi-Fi standard is the one used in the D-Link router, 802. 11b. Wi-Fi networks operate over a limited range: 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m (300 ft) outdoors. Most new laptops and desktop computers come with built-in wireless transmitters. If your equipment doesn’t support wireless communication then you can purchase a  wireless adapter  that plugs into the PC card slot or USB port. * Most Wi-Fi access points are run privately within homes or businesses, but there are also numerous public WiFi access points or â€Å"hotspots. † According to  JiWire, Wi-Fi is currently available at more than 220,000 public hotspots and tens of millions of homes, corporations, and university campuses throughout the world. G: * 3G  is the  third generation  of mobile phone network standards and technologies. With 3G, network operators can offer users a wide range of advanced services within a mobile environment including: wireless voice telephony, video calls, broadband wireless data and HSPA data transmission. * In contrast to Wi-Fi, 3G networks are  wide area networks,  which means you can hook up from virtually anywhere- a par k, a moving car, a commuter train. This added flexibility, however, comes with a higher price tag. You can expect to shell out a few hundred dollars a month on equipment and services. WiMAX: * WiMAX is an emerging technology that provides high-throughput broadband connections to a large geographic area. Considered the successor to Wi-Fi, WiMAX provides improved performance and usage over much greater distances. WiMax supports peak data speeds of about 70mbps, with average user data rates between 1mbps and 10mbps and can be used for a number of applications, such as â€Å"last mile† broadband connections, hotspots and T1- type connections for businesses.

Teenagers and Stress essays

Teenagers and Stress essays Stress is a feeling that's produced when we react to certain events. It's the body's way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough position with focus, strength, determination, and heightened alertness. Stress among teen has become a growing epidemic in the past century, Teen stress is more common than you may think. Teens fall victims to stress everyday whether some people would like to think so or not. Its a point of a child life where some may say its the most stress that anyone will experience. Its the time where there about to be on their own, they have huge decisions to make about their future and their goals, and what they are going to do with their life whether if to do with their education, work and even personal life. With all the peer pressure and struggles that teens may face, can have a huge effect which can put a huge load of stress on to a teen. Stress in teens is simple to identify such as depression, sleep deprivation, internal clock may be out of whack . However teen stress must be addressed right away (Arenofsky). A major factor that can bring stress upon a teen is school related. Many may believe that school is happy place where stress is hardly to be seen, but unfortunately this is not the case. School is one of the most stressful experiences a teenager will ever endure. Its the time when they are finding themselves personally and who they are. They seek desperately for acceptance whether if its for the good or bad. Some times this can place teens in a bad position, because they might get accepted into the wrong crowd of people and be peer pressure into things that they wouldnt normally do themselves, just to get that feeling of being wanted or accepted. Also another reason school plays an important role into stress, is that teens and push and lecture daily by their parents and fellow teachers and administration to be that honor student that exceeds in everything ...

SNPs, Chips, and the essays

SNPs, Chips, and the essays Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide is altered. A SNP might change the DNA sequence from AAGGCTAA ATGGCTAA. SNPs occur every 100 to 300 bases. SNPs can occur in both coding and noncoding regions of the genome. Some SNPs have no effect on cell function, but others can have a major impact on how humans respond to disease and drug therapies. This makes SNPs of great value for biomedical research and for developing pharmaceutical products. SNPs also do not change much through generations, making them easier to follow in population studies. Scientists believe SNP maps will help them identify the genes (there are many genes involved) associated with such diseases as cancer, diabetes, and some forms of mental illness. SNP maps are also expected to identify thousands of additional markers along the genome. Over the past several years, a new technology called DNA microarray has attracted enormous interest among scientists. A microarray is a tool for analyzing gene expression that consists of a small membrane or glass slide containing samples of many genes arranged in a regular pattern. This technology can monitor an entire genome on a single chip so that researchers can have a better picture of the interactions among thousands of genes. Microarrays may be used to assay gene expression within a single sample or to compare gene expression in two different cell types or tissue samples, such as in healthy and diseased tissue. Only a fraction of an organisms genes are turned on. It is the genes that are turned on, or expressed, that gives the distinctive properties to each cell type. A microarray works by allowing mRNA molecules to hybridize to the DNA template from which it originated. By using an array containing many DNA samples, scientists can determine the expression levels of hundred s or thousands of genes within a cell by measuring the a...

Operations Management in Southwest Airlines Essay

Operations Management in Southwest Airlines - Essay Example Southwest Airlines is an example for all of us because it has made tremendous progress by using techniques to improve upon its operations management. It is using its operations management to achieve competitive edge over its competitors. The company uses techniques like e ticketing, faster between flight services, increasing number of seats in planes, flying shorter routes, efficient service of planes, more flight hours by pilots, unique hiring method, and preparation before starting new flights, and less waiting time for planes in order to achieve competitive edge over other airlines.E-Ticketing Southwest Airlines was the first airline in the world to use e-ticketing way back in 1994 (Air Treks, 2011). This initiative of Southwest Airlines has helped them a lot in saving costs related to paper. Also e ticketing has decreased the time required for passengers to board the plan and due to online ticketing checking time of passengers have decreased significantly. All these are the benef its of e ticketing.The company also encourages passengers to use e ticketing because of the advantages of this service. Customers are also charged a nominal fee for the service so this is a win win situation for everyone. Being the pioneer in e ticketing the company has also earned a reputation of serving its customers in a better way by using technology. The clerical work is also highly reduced by issuing tickets online. The system does all the work reducing the number of employees needed for the ticketing purpose. Paper tickets would take physical work as well so that is why it is not desirable. The cost effectiveness of Southwest Airlines is preserved in this way. Southwest Airlines flies domestically only so it is very important that it offers quick services to its customers. Mostly domestic flying passengers are in quite a hurry and that is why e ticketing compliments the clientele of Southwest Airlines. Passengers can book their flights before coming to the airport. By using e ticketing the company has increased efficiency of its operations. Between Flights Time Another operational method used by Southwest Airlines to increase its cost effectiveness is less time taken between flights. By decreasing time between flights Southwest Airlines fly more flights in a day. The time between flights is decreased by quick cleaning services and faster checking out of passengers. Southwest Airlines is famous for quick boarding and off boarding of passengers. Passengers are immediately off boarded as soon as the plan reaches the desired destination. This allows planes to fly more than other competitors in a day. Employees at different